courtesy : Beyond total quality
History
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the developed countries of North America and Western Europe suffered economically in the face of stiff competition from Japan’s ability to produce high-quality goods at competitive cost. For the first time since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom became a net importer of finished goods. The United States undertook its own soul-searching, expressed most pointedly in the television broadcast of If Japan Can… Why Can’t We?. Firms began reexamining the techniques of quality control invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese. It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root.
The exact origin of the term “total quality management” is uncertain It is almost certainly inspired by Armand V. Feigenbaum’s multi-edition book Total Quality Control (OCLC 299383303) and Kaoru Ishikawa’s What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way (OCLC 11467749). It may have been first coined in the United Kingdom by the Department of Trade and Industry during its 1983 “National Quality Campaign” Or it may have been first coined in the United States by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its quality-improvement efforts in 1985.
Development in the United States
In the spring of 1984, an arm of the United States Navy asked some of its civilian researchers to assess statistical process control and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve the Navy’s operational effectiveness. The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of W. Edwards Deming. The Navy branded the effort “Total Quality Management” in 1985
From the Navy, TQM spread throughout the US Federal Government, resulting in the following:
- The creation of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in August 1987
- The creation of the Federal Quality Institute in June 1988
- The adoption of TQM by many elements of government and the armed forces, including the United States Department of Defense, United States Army, and United States Coast Guard
The US Environmental Protection Agency’s Underground Storage Tanks program, which was established in 1985, also employed Total Quality Management to develop its management style. The private sector followed suit, flocking to TQM principles not only as a means to recapture market share from the Japanese, but also to remain competitive when bidding for contracts from the Federal Government since “total quality” requires involving suppliers, not just employees, in process improvement efforts.